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Apology re Yesterday's Green Post Comments

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Yesterday I wrote a post in answer to a piece in the WaPo - PhDiva: I come to bury Green, not to praise him - about the almost universally condemned Green Scholar Initiative acquisition policies and treatment of Egyptian antiquities:
Hobby Lobby’s Steve Green has big plans for his Bible museum in Washington - The Washington Post

I'm hoping that Michelle Boorstein is using a heavy dose of sarcasm here:
Steve Green is standing in the basement of the eight-story Bible museum he’s building in Washington. Plans for the $800 million project are coming together nicely: the ballroom modeled after Versailles, the Disney-quality holograms, the soaring digital entryway with religious images projected on the ceiling, the restaurant serving biblically-themed meals.

 But my issue is not poor taste in decorating ...
A few people sent the author Ms Boorstein comments of a similar nature, including that post and the many others by scholars who have researched the Green collection, to which she replied:


Although Roberta Mazza was politer in pointing out that she had already furnished Ms Boorstein with information prior to publication:


I'm afraid that I was not, and I wrote something that I should not have. I implied that Ms Boorstein would be better suited to writing puff pieces for Town and Country magazine than journalism for the Washington Post. I should not have done so, and I would like to apologise unreservedly. I do not look down on Town and Country magazine, nor do I believe that they write puff pieces. It was a throw-away remark, and in fact I actually like that there are magazines out there who write positive articles rather than scurrilous tabloid-style ones. I enjoy reading Town and Country magazine, and will continue to purchase it, since it maintains higher journalistic standards that the Washington Post. I cannot apologise enough to Town and Country magazine, nor express how much I regret this slur against them.

A journalist from Town and Country would also probably have appreciated the irony of decorating a la Versailles, and know that whilst those who emulate the style see themselves as the great Louis XIV, they more often fall from grace like Louis XVI - see Patricia Kluge and all the other '80s trophywives chronicled by Tom Wolfe in Bonfire of the Vanities and in Dominick Dunne's brilliantly observed People Like Us.

As a quick reminder, this is how Mrs Louis XVI ended up ...

Marie Antoinette's execution in 1793 at the Place de la Révolution, unknown artist.

Incidentally, although we recognise David as having been a great artist, Marie Antoinette probably would have looked down her nose at his art and seen his as a royal "decorator" ... David played an active role in the French Revolution, and in fact voted during the National Convention in favour of the execution of Louis XVI. I can't think of a better illustration of why one should treat everyone as human beings, and not as serfs merely there to do one's bidding.

Drawing by Jacques-Louis David of  Marie Antoinette on her way to the guillotine on 16 October 1793, now in the Louvre.

Lauren Greenfield's documentary, The Queen of Versailles, featuring the rise and fall of David and Jackie Siegel and their attempt to build a house modeled on Versailles is brilliant - ironic, self-aware, moving and very funny, it should be required viewing for all self-made men. Available at the usual sources: Amazon US and Amazon UK, etc ...

In case people accuse me of being a snob about 'new' money; I've always had far more respect for those who made their own way in the world than for those born with a silver spoon who inherited riches. And better nouveau riche than never riche - because these are the people that fund museums and cultural institutions. Just ... not always in the right way ...


Egypt and The Exodus: The Other Side's Story

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Yes it sounds like a story from The Onion - WATCH: Egyptian academic demands Jews give back gold stolen during the Exodus Jerusalem Post - and obviously the claim is as ridiculous as if the Jews made one for building the pyramids as slaves, or for the 'return' of the Colosseum since it was funded by the Temple Treasure, but ...


I had planned to blog about this around Passover, but since I seem to blog about crucifixion not at Easter, here goes ...

The Passover Letter from Elephantine tells us of a decree from Darius that allowed the Jews to celebrate Passover at the Temple at Elephantine in Egypt without being disturbed by the local Egyptians. The Egyptians had in the destroyed the Temple there in anti-Passover riots.

Was it anti-Semitism? No.

Whilst in Judaism and the Biblical tradition the Jews were slaves in Egypt, and Moses led then to freedom and eventual settlement in the Promised Land ... in Egyptian tradition the Jews were foreign rulers who had invaded, mistreated the local population - and the ancient Egyptians had had to rise up against them and free themselves from the Jews, whom they expelled.

This tradition is preserved in the early Hellenistic work of Hecataeus of Abdera, preserved only in quoted fragments, and that of Manetho.

For those interested in this and other versions of history we tend to forget, I highly recommend Anti-Judaism by David Nirenberg. Parts of it were infuriating (his stated methodology and decision to ignore evidence he could not read in the original language), but it was one of the most fascinating books I've read this year.

Available at libraries, Amazon UK, Amazon US and all the usual place.

(With thanks to Bruce Bartlett for sending me the original story ... although I bet he's surprised there is some logic to it!)

More Silly Photos Against Monday Moaning

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Because we can all do with a smile on a Monday morning ...
And remember the first five days of the week are the hardest - after that it gets easier.








The 'she' in this one is the Jack Russell ...


Osman Does Iznik

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I might have mentioned the fashion genius of Osman Yousefzada before, and this week Nrowns are featuring him in their windows, notably his slightly fabulously over the top "tile-jacquard" based on Iznik tiles. Only the jacket is on the Matches web site (here).



But this dress is at FarFetch (here).

I admit I prefer his plain, beautifully cut architectural pieces, but ...

I think the fabric looks better as trousers - runway photo from Style.com, and do look through their other shots of his collection as the trompe-l'œil is fun and he's an incredibly talented designer.

According to Vogue, Osman's "muse du jour, the late Talitha Getty, was embarking on adventures in Morocco and beyond, which explains the ornamented tile pattern brocade that Yousefzada repeated throughout the collection"

It looks more Iznik to me than Moroccan, but what do I know ... I'm just an archaeologist who clearly needs to plan more than annual trips to Marrakesh!

(I've had the black version of this dress for years and love it - it's classic, but the kimono sleeves add a bit of flare; available this year at FarFetch in Navy and Matches in winter white ... ignore silly rules about no white after Labor Day - winter white is always chic, and styles often breaks all the 'rules'!).

And either to a) claim I was ahead of this trend, or b) that classic styles always come back, this is an old photo of me in an Antik Batik top blending into the scenery at the Topkapi.

Amphipolis: A Personal Clarification

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I will get back to blogging the information that the Greek Ministry of Culture releases about Amphipolis.

I realise that some Greek archaeologists not on the excavation have been critical of both the press releases - which I thought was a sensible decision by the MC - and that the information in these press releases is being discussed on the internet.

I have always believed that people are interested in archaeology, and want to learn about it. Several times I've heard scholars at conferences complain how difficult it is to "engage the public" ... but I've never had that issue: if anything I've had problems dealing with the huge interest people have in archaeology ... and replying to all their questions (I am very behind on email, and apologise but I have a huge back-log).

My colleagues both mock me for giving my organisation Loot Busters a 'silly' name and then complain that "the public" is not interested in art crime and looting, and claim that "the public" see it as just a crime that effects the rich ... Need I point out that my experience has been the opposite? That lots of people express interest in my work and in that of the Portable Antiquities Scheme when I explain it to them? (I also prefer to get looted items back rather than to discuss looting).

I hate social snobbery, and I hate pseudo-intellectual pretensions even more. A few years ago I started Culture Concierge; one aim, to put scholars willing to be paid to act as guides together with people who would otherwise hire a guide regurgitating the usual stories, did not work out. The weekly emails covering London culture and Travel, did - although I had to take a break for personal reasons. I'm relaunching the (renamed) email newsletters soon, and people can sign up to Culture Cut London and Culture Cut World via these links or the web site.

One of the aims of Culture Concierge will be to produce quick, short but intelligent Culture 101 guides on cultural topics - for example Caryatids - and everything I have seen from people's reaction to Amphipolis suggests that people really are interested in learning more, even if they don't always have the time to read a full book. We'll also do short city guides - eg enough for a long week-end in say Athens or Marrakesh, picking the best and not overwhelming people with choices to merely fill pages.

I love explaining history and archaeology to people, and sharing knowledge. The reason I chose not to do TV is because I'm frankly fed up with things like getting asked by the History Channel to dress up in a Roman short skirt (ie uniform ... yup, they really did ask this, and before you say it was just one idiot, it was a VP who wouldn't take no for an answer).

I have not spoken to any journalists about Amphipolis. People who've asked me about the dig over the years I told to wait for the official presentation. I am reconsidering this for the same reason I've been blogging about the tomb - I can't complain about all the nonsense out there if I don't do my bit to explain it to people.

I would however like to make one thing very clear; whilst I know what was in the public presentation of the Amphipolis excavation at a conference in March ... I do not know what has been found there since then, and I am basing my posts on the MC press releases.

I have not asked the archaeologists at Amphipolis what they have found, nor have their volunteered to tell me. Even though one is a good friend, our only communication about Amphipolis was me making him aware of the leak of information early last month, and him thanking me for helping identify the source.

Earlier this year I had planned to take six months off to try to properly re-launch Culture Concierge and see if I could make it work. But ... glandular fever - aka mono aka Λοιμώδης μονοπυρήνωση - got in the way ... Because stress is a trigger, and I've had both it and post viral fatigue before, I quit several projects - one I felt was getting too political, another was getting both too political and resulted in 400+ emails a day, etc ... so the relaunch of CC has been pushed back, as I was too ill to do it let alone keep up with others' excavations.

I've always tried to explain archaeological findings and I will continue to blog about them. I don't care what people say about me, but I will defend friends like a lioness defending her cubs. My blogging about Amphipolis would not be an issue if I did not have friends on the dig ... but a) they are not leaking any information whatsoever to me, and b) I have friends on an awful lot of other excavations around the Med ... and honestly at this point in my life it would be a pretty damning indictment of me as an archaeologist if I didn't. People sometimes show me their finds to ask my opinion; sometimes to ask me to look out for items on the art market that might have been looted from their site; sometimes just because they're proud of what they've found and they know I won't blab.

Anyway, I am surprised that I have had to write such a lengthy explanation but ... I'll be blogging about Amphipolis again soon!

[Yes I am  that angry at the slurs that I spelt Amphipolis wrong in the title ... :-(]

Alexander the Great Sucked at Geometry ...

Heels: Bionda Castana

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At the start of last year the FT ran a piece about the best shoe designers - Best feet forward - FT.com - and I should probably be ashamed to admit I have heels from rather too many of them. But the most comfortable 10 mm ones I own? The ones I managed to keep up in with a woman insisting on power-walking well over 2 km at an increasingly competitive pace? The pair from Bionda Castana, and for that reason although I initially scoffed at the description of 'comfortable and wearable' ... I've slowly built up a little collection from them.

And the shoe I'd snap up if it came in leather not suede? Their Lana. It's the most chicest shoe.

Lots of companies give good service, but very few managed to do a good job of sorting out a mess not of their creation - that's why I recommend buying them from the fabulous Young British Designers.

Plus it's good to support British design and a small company ... and they charge £385 for the heels (sign up for the newsletter as they regularly send codes):

Lana Black Suede Ankle Tie Pumps by Bionda Castana / Shoes | Young British Designers

... they're £485 at the Bionda Castana site, although they have more sizes:

Lana – Bionda Castana Online Store

The Beatrix is also very elegant for evening (yes, I know toe cleavage is 'out' this season, but it'll be back by Christmas ...):

Beatrix – Bionda Castana Online Store

Beatrix suede and mesh pumps - NET-A-PORTER.COM

Blog Love: Positive Prescription

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I love psychiatrist Dr Samantha Boardman's blog, for its positivity - it does what the title says - and for the sensible advice, sometimes just common sense tips we can all forget about as we try to juggle our messy lives, other times discussions of interesting research. Her current, very timely post is 20 Secrets of Successful Students - and boy have I found myself saying the same things over the years, though putting the points across far less succinctly. There are many blogs out there giving life advice, but few are as qualified to do so as Dr Boardman's.

Positive Prescription - it's also worth signing up to the newsletter, which serves as a good weekly reminder.

Today's Amphipolis Q&As

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I'll start off by answering some of the various questions people have asked and discussing some of the theories about Amphipolis, then go back to regular blogging later today or tomorrow ...


I'm not sure where the question about huge tombs for soldiers came from, but yes there are some - eg the Chaeronea Lion might be either a tomb or more likely a cenotaph built by Philip II for those whose fell in that battle; ditto the later Macedonian Veria monument. War monuments are nothing new, and are well attested in Greek culture ... but I think it is very unlikely that the Lion Tomb at Amphipolis was a communal tomb for dead soldiers. As always, I may be wrong - the tomb has already re-written the text books about that type of Caryatid supporting the architrave with their hands, and who know what else we'll learn!

Again, I still don't know who was buried in the tomb at Amphipolis, and if the archaeologists do know, they're not saying yet. I am afraid that yes I've been to blame for over a year now for the theory that it could have been built for Alexander the Great - and yes, he still seems for a whole variety of reasons, some of which hopefully will become clear, to me to be the best candidate for whom the monument was constructed. He was not buried there as Ptolemy hijacked the body and took it to Egypt, but the tomb and an associated cult could well have continued under the Antigonids at Amphipolis, and various early Diadochs are likely to have wanted, hoped and perhaps even attempted to bring Alexander's body back to Macedonia to emphasise their claim to be his heir. Then someone may have been buried in it - an Antigonid or Lysimachus or a dozen others - or it could have been symbolically left empty as a cenotaph or a reminder ...


No, not 'probably' - the lion was almost certainly visible from the bridge, the town ... everywhere in Amphipolis. It was designed to be seen, hence the huge mound and large base that supported it. The key question to ask is was the tomb inside the boundaries of the town or outside it? Only founders of cities, such at Theseus at Athens - or refounders of cities such as Mausolus at Halicarnassus - could be buried within the city walls.

Although there are other tombs with lions, the lion hunt in an enclosed royal game park was associated with royal iconography under the Persians (eg see the sculptures from the tomb of the Hecatomind Satrap Mausolus) and from at least Phillip II onwards in Macedonian art (see the exterior painted frieze of Vergina Tomb II).

The seated Lion at Chaeronea is linked to the battle Phillip II fought there. The Cnidos lion is reclining and different, but not yet linked to anyone specific. 

The Ecbatana Lion is sometimes linked to the death of Hephaestion (left), and again he is a possible contended for the tomb, if Alexander's wishes were fulfilled. But the Ecbatana lion is very different, and we know from the later Arabic name of its site that it was the "Gate of the Lions" and one of a pair, oh, and Hephaestion died at Babylon not Ecbatana (see here).


Could there be more chambers, not just three? Very easily. Also the hole in the wall to the third chamber may well have been structural - Hellenistic architects sometimes put windows into the pediments of very large temples, which may have been partly for cult reasons, but also served to relieve the weight.



As the Greek Ministry of Culture has stated, there are severe structural issues with the third chamber. I pointed out that there were structural issues which led to a crack in the architrave above the caryatids (photo above), and that is one face cracked and fell off (it was found in the back-fill).

There was no tomb quite like this one at Amphipolis, and so the architect may have been more ambitious than ... I currently think that the back-filling of the tomb was to stop it collapsing and to 'preserve' it (ancient Macedonian tombs were not meant to be seen and visited inside anyway) ... and that the back-fill pre-dates the destruction of the super-structure. As always things change in archaeology, and there wouldn't be any point digging if new information didn't either refine our ideas or make us change our minds!


Speaking of changing our minds: the evidence suggests all previous reconstructions were wrong, and the Caryatids did not supported the architrave with one raised arm. They were architectural supports, as the cracks show, and but possibly hand their arms outstretched to each other - their touching hands could symbolise the joining of Europe and Asia by a certain Greek commander? I'll do a proper long post about the Caryatids - and another about the Ionic doorway and third chamber - soon, but yes they look vaguely like Archaic kore, but that's a long art historical explanation which is why the style is called archaising.

For now, see how the lowered arm holding out the drapery ...


better seem in the pair here:


This Hellenistic figure from Miletus now in Izmir copies the roll of fabric diagonally across the body:



[... well, first the drapery becomes an acanthus leaf in this ca. 280 BC Thracian tomb ...]


... is also to be seen in the statue of Tralles-Cherchel type from Cherchel:


... and the Tralles-Cherchel type from Tralles:


... but that in some more classicising variants, such as this one from a pair in Mantua, the hand is made to hold a mask - presumably one of the pair had Comedy, the other Tragedy?



I've been positing for a few years now that there are so many copies and variants of this type that it must copy a famous lost original pair ... but it seems the original may have been found!

Interestingly the raised forearms of this figure type do not survive anywhere except Amphipolis, so whilst we always assumed it went straight up ... clearly the new evidence shows that it did not!

I highly recommend this article to anyone interested in the earlier excavations of the Amphipolis Lion, which was found thrown into the river some way from the Kastra Hill - The Pride of Amphipolis | From the Archivist's Notebook:
Betsey Robinson Betsey A. Robinson, Professor of History of Art at Vanderbilt University, here contributes to The Archivist’s Notebook an essay about the history of the reconstruction of the Lion of Amphipolis in the 1930s and the people who spearheaded it; she also reminds us of recent work by the American School in the area in 1970.
Εἰπέ, λέον, φθιμένοιο τίνος τάφον ἀμφιβέβηκας, βουφάγε; τίς τᾶς σᾶς ἄξιος ἦν ἀρετᾶς;
Tell, lion, whose tomb do you guard, you slayer of cattle? And who was worthy of your valour?
Anthologia Palatina 7.426.1-2 (Trans. M. Fantuzzi & R. Hunter)
The lines above, by Hellenistic poet Antipater of Sidon, are as much of a tease today as they were when Oscar Broneer quoted them in The Lion Monument at Amphipolis in 1941.
And the date of the tomb ...


Yes, I am aware of this, and I am aware of her subsequent claim that the tomb must post-date 40 BC because there were no Greek Caryatids before then. I disagree about Caryatids, obviously, but it's good to have debate and if we all agreed we'd make less progress! Another Greek archaeologist who had not seen the excavations made claims about modern looting, and I disagree with him too. I'm afraid that the Greek archaeologist with whom I agree with re the early Hellenistic date are the ones that found the tomb and that have been digging it for years and actually seen the evidence.

And finally the Memphis sphinxes ...



Yes, I am aware of them, but chose to focus on other ones that I thought to be more relevant, but thank you all for sending them to me. Yes, they are linked to the Serapeion, which is in turn founded after Alexander the Great conquered Egypt, but again please guys, hold your horses! or sphinxes! The Serapeion continued to be added to for centuries, and some of the philosophers found near these sphinxes were earlish Hellenistic, but others were 2nd century AD. Also they were excavated by Auguste Mariette who died in 1881, and archaeological techniques were very different in those days ... so the very simple answer is that these are dated largely on stylistic grounds, and this date is very debatable.


Reminder: Space NK Gift With Purchase Today

Congratulations to Christopher Rollston!

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... and well done to George Washington U for hiring a very talented scholar:

George Washington U. Snags a Decipherer of Ancient Texts - People - The Chronicle of Higher Education

This was the rather innocuous, some might even say common sense, article that originally cost him his job at Emmanuel Christian Seminary:

The Marginalization of Women: A Biblical Value We Don't Like to Talk About - Christopher Rollston:

The Decalogue is a case in point. "You shall not covet your neighbor's house, you shall not covet your neighbor's wife, or his male slave, his female slave, his ox, his donkey or anything which belongs to your neighbor" (Exodus 20:17; Deuteronomy 5:21). Because the Ten Commandments are so well known, it's quite easy to miss the assumptions in them about gender. But the marginalization of women is clear. The wife is classified as her husband's property, and so she's listed with the slaves and work-animals. There's also a striking omission in this commandment: never does it say "You shall not covet your neighbor's husband." The Ten Commandments were written to men, not women.

Most of us fully agree with him, and that's why we made the point by buying his book: Writing and Literacy in the World of Ancient Israel; available in libraries, Amazon UK, Amazon US and all the usual places.



Excavations Continue at Sobibor

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Excavations continue at Sobibor, and have now confirmed the location - and existence - of gas chambers at the death camp.

Gas chambers at Sobibor death camp uncovered in archaeological dig:
An archaeological dig in Poland has revealed the location of the gas chambers at the Sobibor death camp, Yad Vashem announced on Wednesday.
This is important, as although the vast majority of people are reasonable and not only acknowledge but regret the Holocaust in which millions of Jews and Gentiles, Poles, Greeks, Catholics, homosexuals, Roma, disabled and the politically inconvenient were killed ... there will always be idiots, some theoretically highly educated, who continue to deny the Holocaust.

Last summer's excavation located an escape tunnel: Escape tunnel discovered at Nazi death camp Sobibor - Telegraph

In 2012 the finds were highly personal items left behind by those sent to their deaths.



Israeli archaeologist digs into Sobibor death camp in search of Nazi killing machines Israel News | Haaretz

70 years after revolt, Sobibor secrets are yet to be unearthed | The Times of Israel

The problem is that we forget, or we 'move on' and ... make the same mistakes all over again. In Yugoslavia, in Rwanda, now under ISIS or ISIL or whatever abbreviation you want to use for the fundamentalists pushing a strange misinterpretation of the teachings of Islam.

Every time I watch one of the many movies and documentaries about Rwanda, a part of me hopes that that Clinton administration official won't repeat her inane description of the massacres there as "acts of genocide" and instead admit that it was "genocide" pure and simple. Obviously, she never does. The distinction is important, and not just a legal nicety - had the US acknowledged that there was genocide there, they would have been obliged to interfere to prevent it under the 1948 UN Genocide Convention.

I understand people standing by and doing nothing because they were too scared to do so, fearing that they too would be the victims of reprisals, but I find it impossible to believe that people living in the vicinity of death camps did not realise what was going on. When Downtown reopened after 9/11 there was still the smell of barbeque; I know people tend not to talk about it, but it was distinctive, and obvious. Far fewer people were incinerated on 9/11 in the WTC than were on an average day in an extermination camp.

Former Harvard professor Samantha Power is currently the US Ambassador to the UN, so when she produces another revised edition of her seminal work A Problem From Hell, after having dealt with the current atrocities, it will be particularly interesting.

For now I can only recommend the most recent edition of A Problem From Hell: America and the Age of Genocide: x, x and the usual places.

It rightly won the Pulitzer in 2003, but unfortunately she has had to  update it many times since then. Given the situation in the Middle East, it is still a key read for anyone interested in current events, the history of geo-politics and nationalism run wild.


Green: Style Over Substance

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Both in terms of Green's planned Bible Museum and the Washington Post's journalsim.

So, just how em do you design a Bible museum? - The Washington Post

The footer clarifies that:
Michelle Boorstein is the Post’s religion reporter, where she reports on the busy marketplace of American religion.
I realise that the comment about the marketplace is meant to be witty. But when did ethics cease to be of importance in religion in America? Isn't there a Commandment against stealing? After all that is in effect what one does when one acquires papyri looted from another country ...

See PhDiva: I come to bury Green, not to praise him on how dodgy the acquisition of some of the Green artifacts were.

Today In AD 14 ... Tiberius Became Emperor

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Yes, we celebrated the 200th anniversary of Augustus' death in August ... but the ascension to the purple of Tiberius, as Augustus' heir, can also be dated to today because of the reform of the calendar.

Although Tiberius became Augustus' heir, he was not always "it" - and Adrian Goldsworthy in his excellent new biography of Augustus points out that there were various heirs at different points, and often no obvious sole heir, suggesting that Augustus perhaps envisioned multiple heirs, perhaps two in the style of the consuls.

Another fascinating point Goldsworthy makes is that whilst adoption by Augustus as his heir sounded good ... it was actually a bit of a demotion for Tiberius from head of the Claudii, a prominent patrician family, to ... one of several adopted sons of an emperor who had already adopted half is relations. I had also been unaware that this highly unusual adult adoption was not Tiberius' first - he had been adopted as a baby after Philippi:
When the husband rebelled, his wife – aged about seventeen – journeyed to join him. She followed him during the rebellion and into exile, avoiding pursuers and living rough. Twice the infant Tiberius’crying was said to have threatened to give them away. In their escape from Sparta, Livia’s hair and dress were scorched by the flames. When the family returned to Rome they were short of money, like many finding it difficult to recover even the quarter share of confiscated property promised to them as part of the Treaty of Misenum. They arranged for Tiberius to be adopted by a wealthy senator eager for a connection with an ancient patrician clan. Politically this may not have been an astute move. Not long before, the man’s brother was suspected of plotting against Caesar. He was arrested and then died in somewhat mysterious circumstances.
 
Hatchards in London has signed copies of Adrian's book, and again I cannot recommend it highly enough.
Augustus: From Revolutionary to Emperor - hardcover at Amazon UK
Augustus: From Revolutionary to Emperor - Kindle at Amazon UK
Yale hardcover at Amazon US - Augustus: First Emperor of Rome


Tiberius' mother Livia lived on until 28 September AD 29, but hopefully for him spent most of her time at her villa at Prima Porta on the outskirts of Rome. This the villa where the portrait of Augustus on the cover of Adrian's book, known as the Prima Porta Augustus, was found. The villa itself recently opened to the public:
Villa of Livia now open to the public - Lifestyle - ANSA.it



If you enjoyed this video by Adrian Murdoch, check out his book on The Emperors of Rome; Kindle UK, Kindle US, etc

Le Fluff et Le Puff … Le Kilt

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Tartan 2

I’ve discussed the ‘first’ tartans before here: Ancient fabrics, press folds, checks and not tartans ... As with so many things, the Chinese claim to have invented it first, and the Germans have a good claim, but this is the Falkirk Tartan Textile Fragment which is a proto-tartan that dates to the 3rd century AD and is 100% Scottish.

Today Scotland votes and the people will decide whether or not to stay in the Union. I have no strong feelings either way, and no vote so my views wouldn’t matter anyway. I’ll continue to visit Scotland, and my long love affair with cashmere and the kilt will continue. Tartan and kilts have been associated with Scottish nationalism for so long that the English at one point introduced the Dress Act 1746 to ban it.

I’ve been trying to find a kilt for a year or more, and my main issue has been that they’ve all seemed far too frumpy; or worse too tacky “sexy schoolgirl” (and made of 100% polyester – eek).
Then I found this little gem made by Le Kilt, and similar to the Black Watch kilt I wore all through uni way back in the last century.

Screenshot_8Screenshot_6

Post university and into this century, I moved on to an Alexander McQueen version (which I styled a little more plainly than Mrs Beckham). It was lady-like but with a fun ‘kick’ of pleats to one side almost like a small train.

jpgimages

Now it’s described as the “Iconic & rare Alexander McQueen tartan skirt. High boned waist item fully silk lined, zips off center back.” and for sale at 1stDibs… No, I don’t still have mine, which is fine as I’m not the size I was then (I’ve embraced putting on a few pounds as I age, and refuse to starve myself or take drugs to achieve the slenderness of youth).

But I am tempted by Le Kilt’s offering in a similar tartan – I think it’s Clan Wallace rather than Clan McQueen, but age might also be affecting my eyesight …

Screenshot_7Screenshot_9

Of course I’d wear it with matt opaque tights, loafers, and a black cashmere jumper – my default styling of most outfits.

Le Kilt is available in London at Dover Street Market.
Samantha McCoach founded Le Kilt in 2014 with a vision of adding a dash of modernity to her family’s kilt-making heritage.
Samantha's grandmother has been a traditional kilt maker in Scotland for over 40 years and through Samantha's teenage years she would observe her grandmother expertly tailoring Kilts, trousers and other traditional staples from fine Scottish tartan.  Samantha has continued the tradition and re-appropriated the style into her modern wardrobe.
This love of tartan inspired the creation of Samantha’s brand Le Kilt.  The name being both a playful homage to the legendary Soho club of the 80’s and a wink towards the untapped, chic potential of the kilt.
Central to the Le Kilt philosophy is a preservation of traditional techniques, underscored with modernity.  Le Kilt plans to complement its ‘kiltie’ core with key garments and accessories in the coming season, all with nod and a wink to Samantha's, wistfully nostalgic Scots background. 



Myrmidons ...

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As so often, the story involves a woman scorned. Hera ... Or rather, a woman fed up with her husband's philandering who goes far too far in terms of reprisals. She sent a plague to wipe out the inhabitants of Aegina in retaliation for Zeus' affair with the eponymous nymph, he in turn turned the island's inhabitants into men.

But whilst the Myrmidons in Ovid replaced the men killed in a plague, this work by Rafael Gómezbarros speaks more of the plagues of violence besetting the world. Just as poppies were once the symbol of forgetting but now are a reminder of our dead, meanings change with the centuries.

Casa Tomada, 2013
at the Saatchi Gallery until 2nd November (to the left of the entrance).




I wish I'd been able to see it when it covered the National Congress in Colombia:

"Ants being usually associated with hard labour and a complex social organization are turned into phantasms of the disappeared, ghost like figures that have acquired the capacity to take over national monuments." (more here)

Books: Michael Scott's Delphi

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In case you guys are getting bored of Amphipolis and Augustus, I can highly recommend Michael Scott's Delphi, which I will get around to writing more about soon.

Meanwhile, don't forget that the poor serpent column ended up in the Hippodrome at Constantinople, and was chopped up there too and ... For photos of it and Ottoman images when it was still more or less 'whole' see: The Hippodrome in Constantinople.

Delphi: A History of the Center of the Ancient World - Amazon UK
Delphi: A History of the Center of the Ancient World - Amazon US

Mini Myrmidons ...

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... oh let's just call an ant an ant!

I have to admit that plates and dishes by German artist Evelyn Bracklow would freak me out, but for those that are braver, they are available from her Etsy shop “La Philie” ...

For more about her see also Demilked here and here.

Amphipolis: Who Has Questions?

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I'm going to do a post today about Amphipolis, to try to answer some of the questions people have asked and make a few other observations, but ... first the supermarket and laundry and ...

... and I will continue to try to answer questions asked in each post's comments, but if anyone has any other questions, please do continue to post them and I will do my best to answer them if I can!


Quick Answers About Amphipolis ...

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Thank you all for your many interesting questions about Amphipolis, and for the information people have been kind enough to email me. I am thrilled people around the world, not just in Greece, are so excited and enthusiastic about the Lion Tomb at Amphipolis, and I'll start with some of the images people have created - please do add credits in the comments, as I don't have them for all the images, partly as I am sticking to the official press releases.

For some questions I have to paraphrase my fictional colleague Lara Croft, and answer "I cold tell you, but then I'd have to kill you ..."

Just as the Luna Temple built off Santorini by Alexander the Great is fictional ... so, I'm afraid, are all claims Alexander was buried at Amphipolis.

Based on what I know, I think it could well have been started by him and finished by the Antigonids; they could well have left it empty, assuming that they would 'soon' bring his body back from Alexandria ... but they never did. Then it would have been either re-used for a subsequent ruler's burial or possibly kept as a cenotaph / heroon to his cult, possibly jointly with Hephaestion, as they were sometimes honoured jointly as dioscouroi. 


Are there more chambers? These diagrams are very useful for showing that the three chambers so far identified don't go very far into the mound, suggesting that there were. It is very unlikely that there was a chamber at the centre of the mound, since that was the support weight for the lion, but since the architect made some structural mistakes, anything is possible.

If there are only three chambers, since these are close to the edge of the mound, the weight they carry is lighter and so they should not have the structural issues we are seeing. I suspect that there are more chambers, in worse condition, and that there is a sort of domino effect, with the badly damaged inner chambers pushing outwards onto the third and second ones ...

People have asked about earthquakes. This damage could have been caused by an earthquake, but the removal of the superstructure was deliberate - we know that as the parts of the lion and the base were found some distance away, by the river, and the reason they were not originally associated with the mound was because of this.

A good example of archaeologists identifying earthquake damage was in the original excavations of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus - one side of the building went splat in an earthquake, and by identifying where on the ground the sculptures were found, Geoffrey Waywell was able to project backwards and identify where on the building they would originally have been.

These are based on the official reconstruction by the archaeologists presented at the Thessaloniki conference - see photo below (the snap was taken at an angle, so the lion was not leaning to the right!).


Again this not Ministry of Culture diagram shows how little under the mound the chambers found go.







The very steep steps down are highly unusual, and I am surprised they have not attracted more comment as there are few parallels.

The gap between the spinx gate and the steps was rather narrow, and then we have to remember that there was a later wall added.




The floor actually looks like this, and has a pattern that echoes the masonry lining the walls:


Again, this is the official reconstruction by the archaeologists:


Yes the tomb is huge, as several people have pointed out. The measurements people keep using for the Mausoleum of Hadrian are of it as it survives as the Castel Sant'Angelo; the original complex was slightly bigger, and closer in size to the Mausoleum of Augustus ... but still tiny compared to Amphipolis!

Although there are almost a dozen earlier more-or-less round buildings, the perfect circle is associated with Dinocrates by the archaeologists working there.

I can't discuss any geo-phys surveys, but I am not expecting gold and treasure. We hopefully will find some things left behind, but the fact that finds have not been announced from the back-fill suggests that they were probably removed when the tomb became structurally unsafe.

Below is a plan of the mound over Tomb II at Vergina. There are a variety of interpretations of who was buried there, but in my opinion Philip II is the best candidate. You can see the plan of a small shrine or naiskos to the right, which may have been a cult shrine.

Vergina was sacked by the troops of Pyrrhus in one of the many wars fought by the successors of Alexander, and the mound seems to post-date this sack since it encompasses several tombs, unlike Amphipolis where the mound is part of the original structure. Various finds in the mound at Vergina come from the funerary pyre, suggesting that there had been a smaller mound before.


This is the Lion as it was reconstructed, using blocks found by the river. The archaeologists have now identified more blocks, to fill in the reconstructed gaps.

The destruction of the Lion and superstructure was not in an earthquake, nor does it seem to be Christian iconoclasm as previously thought. The archaeologists shifted the date downwards into the Roman period, based on small finds such as dated coins found in this destruction layer.

Why someone with a great deal of power would put so much effort into destroying and concealing the tomb is very puzzling. It seems to have been an officially sanctioned project, since although mobs could destroy buildings it is very unlikely that a mob moved the blocks such a great distance.

The destruction could be key to identifying who was buried at Amphipolis. If it was someone like Hephaestion, then it may have been because an emperor did not approve of him? Or it could be linked to a megalomaniac such as Caracalla - perhaps he wanted the only tomb linked to his beloved Alexander to be in Alexandria? There are as many possible answers to that one as there are theories!

Yes, the way the margins are drafted on the masonry in the entrance is quite unusual, but not without parallels - and the whole point of exceptional and important buildings is that they often have unusual architectural features ... that's what makes them special. For example the carved column drums at Ephesus (and I hope no one is planning to re-date that to the Roman period).


There are rosettes carved at Amphipolis, but these are not, to the best of my knowledge, a specifically royal symbol, and they can be found on the funerary stele of ordinary ancient Greeks.


As I've pointed out before, one could see structural issues starting with the Caryatids - the cracks in the lintel above, the face which sheered off and was found in the back-fill.

As I've said before, the archaeologists working at Amphipolis are very good. I've also pointed out that any semi-competent archaeologist could make the observations I'm making. I am competent, but unfortunately not all archaeologists are.

One has re-dated the tomb to Augustus' day on the basis that Caryatids are an Augustan symbol ... as you can all see in this photo of the Caryatids he used in the Forum of Augustus, Augustus liked copies of the Erechtheion Caryatids which were of a completely different type from those found at Amphipolis ...

And even if Amphipolis had had Caryatids that copied the columns carved as Korai from the Erechtheion - which it does not - this would not be grounds for re-dating it to the Roman period. The Heroon of Pericles of Limyra, a local dynast dated to the 4th century BC, also had strange slightly archaising copies of the Erechtheion Korai ... For more on Limyra, see here.

The Ionic door frame on the exterior of the third chamber is unusual, but then so is so much of the Amphipolis tomb. It slightly echoes Egyptian Mastaba Doors, although I am wary of seeing too much into that, or seeing it as the influence of Alexander's conquest of Egypt let alone any other links.

The interior lintel of the third chamber is badly cracked, and shows how precarious the structure of the tomb is. This makes it very dangerous for archaeologists, and is why they are waiting for engineers to shore it up.

The Ionic pilaster capitals from the front entrance are interesting. As on many other buildings, they were painted. I am wary of making too many claims, but the exterior (left) seems more weathered than the interior face (below), suggesting that this part of the tomb was exposed to the elements, and that wind and rain faded some of the paintwork.


The red paint on the walls of the third chamber is interesting. I will simply for now point out that Tyrian Purple, the colour associated with royalty, is also sometimes called Tyrian Red as the colour produced by the Murex is quite a reddish-purple ...

I have to go walk the dog and run errands, but I'll try to do another post later today answering the many other good questions people have asked. Meanwhile I highly recommend looking at the inter-active floor plan of the excavations at The Amphipolis Tomb web site here.

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